An initial public offering (IPO) is when a private company lists on a public stock exchange for the first time.
In Australia, IPOs almost always take place on the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX).
IPOs are normally the first chance for retail investors to invest in the company and as a result, IPOs often create a lot of hype and excitement, particularly if it's a well-known brand.
Unfortunately, retail investors don't always get the chance to participate in IPOs (especially those with high demand) but there's still ways for you to get involved.
There are 3 main ways that you can buy shares in companies that are completing an IPO:
It's difficult for everyday retail investors to take part in an IPO, particularly if it's a well-known company such as Uber.
Because the company only has a limited amount of stock to offer, the shares available through IPOs are often reserved for large institutional investors (like other businesses or investment banks) and high-net-worth investors (those with large portfolios and annual income well into the six figures).
Retail investors might get access to an IPO if the demand for the IPO has been lower than expected. You'll need to be signed up with a stock broker in order to get invited to take part in the IPO.
If your broker is offered a portion of the company's shares to sell to clients, the broker will send out the application form for investors to complete. Usually, you'll need to commit to buying over a certain amount of shares and the timeframe to submit your application to take part in the IPO will often be fairly tight.
However, if you can't access shares via the IPO it doesn't mean you can't invest in the company.
When the IPO is over and the shares are officially trading on a public exchange, anyone with a share trading account can buy the shares, as long as it offers access to the relevant stock exchange.
IPO stock is typically offered to full-service brokers such as Morgans or Morgan Stanley, however some online brokers will also occasionally make IPO stock available to clients.
The following online share trading platforms offer IPOs (last updated 18 October 2024):
It's important to note that when a company goes public, they typically only select a few brokers to allocate IPO stock to.
So even if you sign up to a broker that has offered IPOs in the past, you may still not get access to the IPO you want.
We currently don't have a partnership for that product, but we have other similar offers to choose from (how we picked these ):
This is a list of the IPOs and listings that are due to take place on the ASX this month3:
If you miss out on an IPO, don't fret!
When the IPO is over and the shares are publicly listed on the market, anyone can buy them. Find out what date the shares will be available on the exchange and do your research to determine what price you're willing to pay for them.
Typically, the share price will be very volatile in the first few days after they're publicly available following the IPO, as the price is largely driven by supply and demand. It could be worth waiting a few days for the dust to settle before you decide to buy, especially if it's a well-known company that has created a lot of hype.
If you're unable to take part in an IPO, it may feel like you've missed your chance to buy the stock at a good price.
However, according to analysis by Nasdaq, while IPO stocks average a gain of 18.4% on the first day, 31% of IPO stocks actually lose value on the first day compared to their IPO price.1
Almost half of IPO companies also fall on their second day of trading (compared to their price at the end of day one).
So if you miss the IPO, chances are you'll still have a chance to buy the IPO stock at a relatively competitive price after the company lists on the stock market.
Over the longer-term, IPO stocks also tend to underperform the wider stock market. According to separate Nasdaq analysis2, 64% of IPO companies are actually underperforming the wider stock market 3 years after their IPO date.
The main reason a private company will hold an IPO is to raise money. This money can be used to help the business expand into different markets, launch new products, hire a lot more staff, take the business overseas or invest in new infrastructure or technology systems, amongst others.
If the company needs to raise money but doesn't want to list on a public exchange, they'd need to source some private funding. Private funding can come from other companies and investment managers, or high-net-worth individuals directly.
When a company decides to go public, it hires an investment bank to help it achieve this via an IPO. This investment bank is known as the underwriter of the IPO. The underwriter will basically buy the shares that the company wishes to sell and then resell these shares to their clients.
This is why retail investors don't often get access to shares offered through an IPO: the investment bank will offer the shares to its VIP clients first which will largely include institutional investors and wealthy, high-net-worth customers.
The underwriter will also help the company determine an appropriate price for its shares. IPOs offer a predetermined number of shares to investors at a set price per share.
This is different to shares that trade on an exchange already, as the prices of these shares change constantly throughout the day and are influenced by a range of market factors as well as supply and demand.
When a company decides to list its shares publicly on an exchange via an IPO, a lot of work goes on behind the scenes to determine a fair price for the shares.
The value of the company will be calculated, taking into account the current value as well as the potential future earnings the company is expected to make over the coming years.
Then, it will divide this by the number of shares it plans to issue for sale to come up with a fair price per share for the IPO.
There's no guarantee that the share price offered through an IPO represents fair value for that company's shares. Some IPOs for popular brands can create a lot of excitement, but this doesn't mean it's necessarily a good idea to take part in the IPO and buy shares.
Sometimes, if the share price isn't a fair representation of the value of the company, it may fall below the initial offer price immediately after the company is listed on the exchange, meaning retail investors who couldn't buy through the IPO could get the shares for a lower price than those who did buy through the IPO.
Of course, sometimes the opposite is true and the share price will rise straight after the company goes public, driven in part by market hype.
As we said earlier in this guide, it's difficult for retail investors with small portfolios to take part in an IPO. If you're a high-net-worth investor or do find yourself presented with an opportunity to buy shares via an IPO, it's important to understand the benefits as well as the risks involved.
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